In the replication of Coxsackie virus infection, another use for the ‘gut-on-a-chip’

is being studied. This virus also affects the pancreas and the liver in newborns.

Replicating the microenvironment allows for successful human experiments on

polarized systems, which creates a pressing challenge in this research field. The

research by Sosa-Hernández et al. highlights the application of this model to other

enterovirus studies, as well as the benefits of running dynamic systems in the form of

culturing cells on demand (Sosa-Hernández et al. 2018).

To test for movement along the villi-crypt axis, researchers created a 3D porous

substrate, and the cell migration was easy to observe by incorporating lactic acid

(polylactic acid) to help the co-culturing of different cell lines (Wang et al. 2017a, b;

Costello et al. 2014).

6.6.5

Skin-on-a-Chip

The greatest part of the human body is the skin, which keeps the internal organs on or

after heat and cold, among other things. Under a wide range of stressors, this cell

reacts with a wide range of responses. While trying out experiments to see how

different conditions affect things in vitro and in people, the outcomes are variable.

Thus, skin-on-a-chip becomes the key to study the effect of topical/transdermal

formulations, and it can reduce the animal usage in drug testing during product

development and discovery process.

Reverse ageing skin is becoming a more widely accepted in vitro model. One was

conceived using epidermic, cutaneous, and endothelial layers to mimic the infection

and oedema associated with eczema. The skin is more complicated than a simple

distinction between the epidermis and dermis. Wrinkles are a natural occurrence that

occur because of use and external pressure. Other factors may contribute to wrinkles,

and it has been demonstrated that using a magnetic field, skin-on-a-silicon-micro-

chip can be stretched out. This experiment may prove useful for testing cosmetics

and pharmaceutical products (Wufuer et al. 2016; Zhang et al. 2018).

In scientific paper by Sriram and his team, it was discussed that creating a full-

depth fibrin-matrix skin chip for 3D scaling, as well as epithelial collapse and dermal

matrix, is useful in testing of new drugs (Sriram et al. 2018). Human intestinal micro-

like biofilms were used to examine intestinal radiation damage in a microfluidic gut

chip device. During radiation treatments, the continuity of the junctions is

compromised, the epithelial function is diminished, and mucus production is

inhibited (Jalili-Firoozinezhad et al. 2019).

6.6.6

Brain-on-a-Chip

The human brain and animal brains do not have the same functioning and genetics.

Since the disorders exhibited by animal brains cannot be shown to correspond to

those of humans, animal models are of not much use for research on brain lesions.

Numerous ‘brain-on-a-chip’ systems have been established with the goal of

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G. Aggarwal et al.